Category Archives: forget-me-nots

Going International

Back in July, I attended the 2012 Botany Conference, which was held in Columbus, OH, USA, and later this month, I will attend the “Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology” meeting of the German Botanical Society (DBG) in Mainz, Germany.  Why so much international travel, you may ask, and why is it important to Te Papa and its researchers? I’ll start by answering the second part of this question first.

First, attending meetings is a great way to get the word out to our colleagues around the world about the research we are doing. By that I mean the specific research that individual Te Papa reseachers like myself are actively pursuing, as well as the more general contribution Te Papa as an institution is making regarding scholarly research. Most conference attendees (myself included!) will present their latest results in the form of a poster or a 15- or 20-minute presentation. This year my talks focus on our latest research on New Zealand forget-me-nots, a group of plants which we have been blogging about for the last year and a half. A summary of the work I am presenting at these meetings is available here.

Second, hearing about the latest technologies, methods and results from colleagues is both invigorating and exciting!  And, I must add, at times slightly overwhelming. Over 1000 botanists–ranging from students to experts–attended the Botany 2012 meeting, and there were hundreds of talks and dozens of workshops to choose from. I always come back from conferences with lots of new ideas that I can apply directly to my research on native New Zealand plants. I highlight some of the interesting things I learned at this year’s meetings here.

Third, attending international meetings is all about (face-to-face) networking. Of course we live in an age where productive collaboration and networking can (and does) happen with e-mail, the Internet and Skype. But none of these can 100% fully replace actual face-to-face interactions with real people. Attending international conferences, one might discuss and plan current research with overseas collaborators, be introduced to new colleagues that may one day become future collaborators, and participate in spontaneous and sometimes heated discussions in a room full of colleagues.

And now on to the other part of my original question, Why so much international travel? As a Research Scientist at Te Papa, I may not always have the opportunity to attend an international meeting each year, let alone two of them! This year is a bit special because I was honoured to receive an Fellowship for Experienced Researchers from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. So, for the next 18 months I’ll be based at the Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg in Germany working on a collaborative research project on New Zealand hebes and their European relatives (Veronica) in collaboration with Prof Dr Dirk Albach.

This is a great example of how collaborating and networking at previous international conferences has played an important role in shaping the direction of my research. I hope to blog about some of my experiences here as the fellowship unfolds.

This is a recent photo of me (Heidi Meudt) taken here in Oldenburg, Germany. I will sign off in German by saying: Auf wiedersehen, bis bald!  Photo by Mauricio López.

This is a recent photo of me (Heidi Meudt) taken here in Oldenburg, Germany. I will sign off in German by saying: Auf wiedersehen, bis bald! Photo by Mauricio López.

Rare forget-me-nots discovered in the mountains of the South Island

Today, two rare species of forget-me-nots have been added to the Flora of New Zealand. These new species were discovered during an expedition I led to Kahurangi National Park, one of the hotspot for forget-me-nots diversity in New Zealand.

These new species, Myosotis chaffeyorum (Chaffey’s Forget-me-not) and Myosotis mooreana (Moore’s forget-me-not) are described and illustrated in an article published today in the open access journal PhytoKeys.

These new forget-me-nots are extremely uncommon. Moore’s forget-me-not is currently known from a single spot where only six plants were found. Chaffey’s forget-me-not, on the other hand, is habitat-specific and it is only found at the entrance of small caves at the base of limestone bluffs.

Moore’s forget-me-not and a close up to its flowers. Photo CA Lehnebach, @ Te Papa

Habitat and plant of Chaffey’s forget-me-not. Photo by CA Lehnebach, @ Te Papa

Because of the low number of plants and populations currently known for these species they have been rated as “Nationally Critical”. This is not unusual for New Zealand forget-me-nots and many of them are currently threatened.

Highlights from forget-me-not field trips from last summer

This year I went on several field trips to collect native forget-me-nots (genus Myosotis). With my research on native plantains now finished, my current research focus is now to figure out how many native species of forget-me-nots we have in New Zealand, revise their taxonomy, understand their evolutionary history, and amend their conservation status. Te Papa colleagues Jessie Prebble (see one of her blogs here) and Carlos Lehnebach are also collaborating on this project.

Field work (such as this trip to Taranaki in Nov 2011) is a key component of this work. And with wintry weather now keeping this botanist (and perhaps many of you!) mostly indoors, it’s the perfect time to put up a few photos and show you some of the highlights from these trips.

Chalk Range, Marlborough, South Island, Nov 2011.

 With the collaboration of Department of Conservation botanists Jan Clayton-Greene and Cathy Jones, we found several different forget-me-not entities on the Chalk Range, including this one, which has been given the tag-name Myosotis aff. australis “white”.

Habitat of Myosotis aff. australis "white" in the Chalk Range, Marlborough, South Island (WELT SP090551). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Habitat of Myosotis aff. australis “white” in the Chalk Range, Marlborough, South Island (WELT SP090551). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Flowers of Myosotis aff. australis "white" from the Chalk Range, Marlborough, South Island (WELT SP090551). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Flowers of Myosotis aff. australis “white” from the Chalk Range, Marlborough, South Island (WELT SP090551). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

 

Myosotis aff. australis "white" in the Chalk Range, Marlborough, South Island (WELT SP090551). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Myosotis aff. australis “white” in the Chalk Range, Marlborough, South Island (WELT SP090551). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Inland Hawkes Bay ranges, Dec 2011.

On this trip, I teamed up with Jessie Prebble, Mike Thorsen, and several landowners to search for forget-me-nots that had been previously collected in this area. Although we didn’t find all the ones we were hoping for, we did find some big populations of Myosotis spathulata, shown here.

Habitat of Myosotis spathulata, Hukanui Station, Hawke's Bay, North Island (WELT SP090628). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Habitat of Myosotis spathulata, Hukanui Station, Hawke’s Bay, North Island (WELT SP090628). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Flower of Myosotis spathulata, Hukanui Station, Hawke's Bay, North Island (WELT SP090628). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Flower of Myosotis spathulata, Hukanui Station, Hawke’s Bay, North Island (WELT SP090628). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Myosotis spathulata, Hukanui Station, Hawke's Bay, North Island (WELT SP090628). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Myosotis spathulata, Hukanui Station, Hawke’s Bay, North Island (WELT SP090628). Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Queenstown area, Otago, South Island, Feb 2012.

For this trip, Phil Garnock-Jones and local botanist Neill Simpson accompanied me on yet another forget-me-not field trip (we were also collecting speedwell hebes on this trip, which you can read about here). As you can see from all the photos on this page, the morphological diversity of the different species of forget-me-nots is truly astounding!

Myosotis pulvinaris, Shotover Saddle, Otago, South Island (WELT SP091594/A). This cushion plant was just past flowering. Just imagine what it would have looked like covered with flowers! Photo by Phil Garnock-Jones.

Myosotis pulvinaris, Shotover Saddle, Otago, South Island (WELT SP091594/A). This cushion plant was just past flowering. Just imagine what it would have looked like covered with flowers! Photo by Phil Garnock-Jones.

Myosotis macrantha, near Queenstown, Otago, South Island (WELT SP091596). Photo by Phil Garnock-Jones.

Myosotis macrantha, near Queenstown, Otago, South Island (WELT SP091596). Photo by Phil Garnock-Jones.

Here I am collecting Myosotis on a beautiful day on Coronet Peak, Otago, South Island.

Here I am collecting Myosotis on a beautiful day on Coronet Peak, Otago, South Island.

Next month I’ll be giving a talk at the Botany 2012 Conference on some of our recent forget-me-not research. I’ll show our latest results using DNA sequencing and DNA fingerprinting to look at how the different species of New Zealand Myosotis are related to one another. You can see the abstract here.

See some of Te Papa’s Myosotis collection here.

More forget-me-not hunting

I have just started work on my PhD, based at Te Papa Tongarewa and enrolled at Massey University, Palmerston North. I am joining Heidi and Carlos in the Te Papa herbarium, working on our native forget-me-nots (genus Myosotis); you can read about some of the work already ongoing in older blogs posts:

Go to Heidi’s blog post about an earlier Myosotis collecting trip 

I recently got to go on a whirlwind trip to Kaitaia, to collect the critically endangered Matthew’s forget-me-not (Myosotis matthewsii). This special endemic forget-me-not is only known from the south end of the Warawara forest, near Mitimiti, which is a beautiful, if wriggly, drive of about an hour and a half south of Kaitaia.

We had a team of seven out plant hunting on a windy day in March; myself, Fiona Cameron from the Department of Conservation (DOC), Rongo Bentson the local DOC-iwi liaison officer, Wayne Te Tai and Anaru Kendell representing Te Rarawa iwi, and Kevin Matthews and Bill Campbell from the local botanical society. It added a nice layer to the day when I learnt that M. matthewsii was actually named after Kevin’s great great uncle, Richard Henry Matthews (1835-1912), who botanised Northland extensively in his later life!

Nearly at the forest edge, overlooking the beautiful Mitimiti beach. From left to right: Fiona (DOC), Wayne, Anaru and Rongo (iwi). Photo Jessie Prebble © Te Papa

Nearly at the forest edge, overlooking the beautiful Mitimiti beach. From left to right: Fiona (DOC), Wayne, Anaru and Rongo (iwi). Photo Jessie Prebble © Te Papa

Our trip started with a moving karakia (prayer) from Wayne, as this was my first trip to the Warawara ngahere (forest). From there we proceeded slowly up the hill (you never get anywhere very fast when there are botanists in the group!) until we reached our location, just inside the edge of the coastal forest, dominated by beautiful nikau – a good spot for lunch.

The The Myosotis hunting team at lunch time. Photo Jessie Prebble © Te Papa

The Myosotis hunting team at lunch time. Photo Jessie Prebble © Te Papa

We found 63 plants of M. matthewsii, spread over a couple of hundred meters. Here is what they look like:

Myosotis matthewsii. Photo by Jessie Prebble, © Te Papa

Myosotis matthewsii. Photo by Jessie Prebble, © Te Papa

There may also be another population of M. matthewsii growing further in the forest, but at this stage these 63 plants are the only confirmed individuals of this species growing on the whole planet.

So why were we collecting samples from a critically endangered species, only known from a single small area? Basically, because we don’t know very much at all about this species, and until we know a little bit more, we don’t know how to go about conserving it.

Essentially, we want to assess whether M. matthewsii really is a separate species – it looks fairly similar to a more widespread native forget-me-not called M. spathulata.

Myosotis spathulata from Waipuna, Inland Hawke’s Bay. Photo by Heidi Meudt © Te Papa

Myosotis spathulata from Waipuna, Inland Hawke’s Bay. Photo by Heidi Meudt © Te Papa

To determine if M. matthewsii is different, I will take detailed measurements of lots of morphological characters from these and other herbarium specimens of M. matthewsii and M. spathulata.

I will also use population genetic techniques to determine if there is gene-flow between populations, which is another way of assessing species limits. The population genetic research should also inform us as to whether M. matthewsii is suffering from inbreeding depression, which will in turn help to inform management decisions.

On this trip, we collected one whole plant to go into the herbarium at Te Papa  as a voucher specimen. We also collected leaves from 11 other plants and placed them in bags with silica gel beads, a drying medium that preserves the tissue for genetic analyses.

I had a wonderful day, and felt very fortunate to have such an interesting and keen group of people out with me.

I’ll keep you updated when we get some results!

The hunt for the smallest forget-me-not in the world

Spring is in the air, and for botanists like myself that means it’s time to head out into the field to try to find and collect plant specimens for our research. This year, like last year, I will be going to specific places around the country to look for different species of native New Zealand forget-me-nots.  Last year I collected this forget-me-not in coastal Taranaki:

Myosotis petiolata var. pansa from the northern Taranaki coast, which we found and collected in Dec 2010 for my taxonomic research on New Zealand forget-me-nots. Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Myosotis petiolata var. pansa from the northern Taranaki coast, which we found and collected in Dec 2010 for my taxonomic research on New Zealand forget-me-nots. Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

The first week of October, Jessie Prebble and I returned to coastal Taranaki on our first foray of the field season. We knew from studying previous collections from Te Papa’s herbarium and other New Zealand herbaria that we should find at least two other species there: Myosotis brevis and Myosotis pygmaea.

We planned to visit about eight different sites over two days. Because both species are very small in size, we spent a lot of time at each site searching on hands and knees trying to find them. But I don’t think we realized just how small they are until we finally found Myosotis brevis at the third site we visited. Check it out: the entire plant can fit on your fingernail!

How many forget-me-nots can you see in this photo? Myosotis brevis from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Heidi Meudt, © Te Papa.

How many forget-me-nots can you see in this photo? Myosotis brevis from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Heidi Meudt, © Te Papa.

Close-up of two Myosotis brevis plants showing green-leaved and brown-leaved forms from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Jessie Prebble, © Te Papa.

Close-up of two Myosotis brevis plants showing green-leaved and brown-leaved forms from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Jessie Prebble, © Te Papa.

At another site we found Myosotis pygmaea, which although still small, seemed like a giant compared to M. brevis!

Myosotis pygmaea from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Jessie Prebble, © Te Papa.

Myosotis pygmaea from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Jessie Prebble, © Te Papa.

And here is a close-up:

Close-up of Myosotis pygmaea from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Heidi Meudt, © Te Papa.

Close-up of Myosotis pygmaea from coastal Taranaki, Oct 2011. Photo by Heidi Meudt, © Te Papa.

Collaboration was instrumental in finding these plants.  So far, we’ve been fortunate that private landowners and iwi have allowed access to most sites we want to visit, and that other colleagues, local enthusiasts and Department of Conservation staff were willing to share their knowledge and accompany us on our plant hunt.

Our plant-hunting crew, finding Myosotis brevis on the Taranaki coast, North Island, New Zealand. Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Our plant-hunting crew, finding Myosotis brevis on the Taranaki coast, North Island, New Zealand. Photo by Heidi Meudt, copyright Te Papa.

Since our Taranaki trip, we’ve also found Myosotis brevis at two other North Island locations in November: near Cape Palliser (Wairarapa), and also Te Ikaamaru Bay (see Phil Garnock-Jones’ blog about that trip). But I hope I’m not giving you the impression that forget-me-nots are easy to find! Our experience so far shows that, on average we’re finding Myosotis in only about half of the known sites where it’s been collected before.

This field work is an important first step to gather the necessary samples to perform genetic and morphological analyses on native forget-me-nots. Continued collaboration and information-sharing will be essential to update the taxonomy and conservation strategies of these plants.

Native foxgloves and forget-me-nots – Research past and future

 While exploring the subalpine flora around the Otira Valley during the field trip at the end of the Australian Systematic Botany Society 2010 Conference I recently attended, I came across some plants that I have studied in the past, as well as others that I’m about to begin researching. After a tramp up the valley, I headed straight for these sheltered, humid, south-facing cliffs.

 

Forget-me-not and foxglove habitat in Otira Valley, Arthur's Pass National Park, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Forget-me-not and foxglove habitat in Otira Valley, Arthur’s Pass National Park, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

 This type of habitat seems to be the ‘favourite’ of many of the 13 species of foxgloves endemic to New Zealand (genus Ourisia, family Plantaginaceae). I knew from previous field experience that the Otira Valley is one of the best places in the country to see native foxgloves. And I wasn’t disappointed!

 

First up was creeping ourisia, or Ourisia caespitosa, a small, tiny-leaved species that is widespread throughout New Zealand.

  

Creeping ourisia (Ourisia caespitosa), Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Creeping ourisia (Ourisia caespitosa), Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

 

Ourisia caespitosa can form large mats, which carpet the herbfield with its beautiful white flowers that have three lines of hairs inside the corolla throat, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Ourisia caespitosa can form large mats, which carpet the herbfield with its beautiful white flowers that have three lines of hairs inside the corolla throat, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

 Next up was one of the largest species of New Zealand native foxgloves, Ourisia calycina. This South Island species used to be called O. macrocarpa subsp. calycina, but some of my recent research has shown it is genetically and morphologically distinct from O. macrocarpa, and should therefore be recognized as its own species.

Ourisia calycina, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Ourisia calycina, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Interestingly, where O. caespitosa and O. calycina come into contact, they appear to hybridise. In 1897, Donald Petrie described what he thought to be a new species and named it Ourisia cockayneana after another famous New Zealand botanist, Leonard Cockayne. Since then, several lines of evidence suggest that O. cockayneana is a hybrid and not a distinct species.

Ourisia x cockayneana, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Ourisia x cockayneana, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Ourisia x cockayneana, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Ourisia x cockayneana, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

The herbarium at Te Papa holds the type specimen of O. cockayneana which you can see in Collections Online.

 Also nearby was yet another species of native foxglove, Ourisia simpsonii, which is known from alpine herbfields above 1200m on the South Island.

Ourisia simpsonii, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Note its delicate hairy rosette of leaves, and its glabrous (hairless) corolla throat, which are two characteristics that distinguish it from the species shown above. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Ourisia simpsonii, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Note its delicate hairy rosette of leaves, and its glabrous (hairless) corolla throat, which are two characteristics that distinguish it from the species shown above. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Myosotis explanata, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Close-up of the flowers. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Together with my colleague at Te Papa, Carlos Lehnebach, we’ve only just begun to look at the evolutionary history and taxonomy of the 35+ species of forget-me-nots endemic to New Zealand. So stay tuned for more updates about our progress on our research.

Myosotis explanata, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

Myosotis explanata, Otira Valley, Dec 2010. Photo by Heidi Meudt.

 

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