Plants


Many interesting finds were made during the recent John Child Bryophyte Workshop, including the moss Hylocomium splendens (the “Stair-step Moss”).

Hylocomium_splendens

Splendid indeed! The moss Hylocomium splendens. The "splendens" part of the scientific name actually translates to "shining, glistening, or brilliant". Photo by Matt Renner. (c) Matt Renner.

Landcare Research’s Allan Fife, a moss expert who identified this species, writes:

“This species is found through much of the temperate northern hemisphere, but it is known from the temperate southern hemisphere only from a few high-elevation localities in the North Island. It is a remarkable example of a bipolar disjunct moss species.”

“In the Department of Conservation’s Threat Classification List, H. splendens is considered to be “sparse” in occurrence, with a qualifying term “data poor.” Several workshop participants found it near Sunrise Hut in the Ruahine Ranges. Although previously recorded from high-elevation sites at Mt. Hikurangi, Mt Hector & Field Pk in Tararuas, and from the Ruahines, none of the workshop participants had seen before this characteristic but poorly-documented species.”

“The workshop collections are significant because they were made from a range of elevations and habitats, clarifying the morphological variation, distribution, altitudinal range and habitat preferences of Hylocomium in New Zealand”.

2009 John Child Bryophyte Workshop

Allan Fife, Landcare Research bryologist

Tramping in New Zealand forests can be an enjoyable and very relaxing activity. However, if your legs are hairy, it could be a painful and very annoying experience. Camouflaged among ferns and ground orchids, hook grasses are waiting, ready to clasp to the hairs or clothing of any unwary tramper.

Hook grasses get their name from a hook-like structure which arises from the base of the ovary of each female flower.

hook&stigma

Detail of a receptive female flower of Uncinia zotovii indicating hook and stigmas. Photo by C.A. Lehnebach (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

 

This structure allows dispersal of the achene, a single seed produced by each female flower, to other sites by clasping to the hairs, or feathers, of any animal (or hairy tramper) passing by.

achene

Seed (achene) of a native hook sedge. Photo by C.A. Lehnebach (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

 

Flowers in Uncinia are unisexual, that is male and female reproductive structures are on separate flowers. In Uncinia, female flowers are at the base of the spike while male flowers are at the top.

spike-details-blog

Mature spike of Uncinia caespitosa indicating female and male sections. Photo by C.A. Lehnebach (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

 

Only female flowers have a hook. Male flowers are small and have three stamens, which quickly fall off after the pollen is released.

anther&filament

Male flowers of Uncinia and detail of stamens. Photo by C.A. Lehnebach (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

 

New Zealand is the diversity hotspot for Uncinia, however, little is known about their ecology and the actual number of species is still uncertain. Some species are so variable that it is possible they may consist of two or more species.

As part of my work in Te Papa I have investigated a group of morphologically variable Uncinia. The main goals of my study were to understand the cause(s) of this variability and to produce revised descriptions for these species to make their identification easier.

I’m just back from the John Child Bryophyte Workshop for 2009, which I helped organise (along with Massey University’s Lara Shepherd and Jill Rapson).

The silver-tipped Campylopus introflexus is one of my favourite mosses. Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

The silver-tipped Campylopus introflexus is one of my favourite mosses. Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

The Bryophyte Workshop studies mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, as well as lichens. Although often overlooked because of their small size, these plants are significant biodiversity and biomass components of many habitats.

The 35 participants encompassed beginners to experts, amateurs to professionals, and came from all over New Zealand (plus Australia).

Group photo for the 24th (2009) John Child Bryophyte Workshop.  Photo by Terry Evans & Ross Beever. (c) Terray Evans, Auckland.

Group photo for the 24th (2009) John Child Bryophyte Workshop. Photo by Terry Evans & Ross Beever. (c) Terry Evans, Auckland.

We were based this year in the Hawke’s Bay at Waipukurau, with the excellent venue of Pukeora Estate.

We collected samples from several nearby sites (with a permit from the Department of Conservation).

Barbara Polly, Te Papa Research Associate, inspecting the lichens on a tree trunk.  Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Barbara Polly, Te Papa Research Associate, inspecting the lichens on a tree trunk. Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Peter Beveridge, Te Papa Research Associate, using a hand-lens to examine a moss sample. Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Peter Beveridge, Te Papa Research Associate, using a hand-lens to examine a moss sample. Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

This rock was thoroughly inspected. Photo by Terry Evans. (c) Terry Evans, Auckland.

This rock was thoroughly inspected. Photo by Terry Evans. (c) Terry Evans, Auckland.

Bryologists often move at a notoriously slow pace.  However, these ones made it beyond Sunrise Hut (a climb of about 700m!).  Photo by Antony Kusabs. (c) Antony Kusabs, Upper Hutt.

Bryologists often move at a notoriously slow pace. However, these ones made it beyond Sunrise Hut (a climb of about 700m!). Photo by Antony Kusabs. (c) Antony Kusabs, Upper Hutt.

The lion-decorated 4WD used by the horticulturalists from Auckland Zoo added a splash of colour to our vehicle convoy.  Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

The lion-decorated 4WD used by the horticulturalists from Auckland Zoo added colour to our vehicle convoy. Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Once we had finished in the field, we returned to ‘base’ for a closer examination of the collected specimens. Many of these small plants cannot be identified precisely without the aid of a microscope. 

Identifying the day's collections with the aid of microscopes and books.  Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Identifying the day's collections with the aid of microscopes and books. Photo by Leon Perrie, Curator. (c) Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Display table in the microscope work-room, with specimens named to help beginners.  Photo by Terry Evans.  (c) Terry Evans, Auckland.
Display table in the microscope work-room, with specimens named to help beginners. Photo by Terry Evans. (c) Terry Evans, Auckland.

Some of the specimens will be stored permanently in Te Papa’s herbarium (dried plant collection).

nzonscreen1
Last week on NZ On Screen we celebrated our unique natural heritage with the launch of a Nature collection. Aotearoa’s landforms and its magnificent menagerie of natural oddities – birds, insects, and trees like nowhere else on the planet – are showcased in 15 award-winning NHNZ productions – all full length and free to view. From Discovery Channel and David Bellamy documentaries, to Wild South and Our World classics.

The Nature Collection has been curated for NZ On Screen by long-time presenter of TV nature programmes Peter Hayden – who now works behind-the-scenes at internationally renowned NHNZ  (Natural History New Zealand). Peter has written a great background piece giving his personal perspective on over 30 years of bringing NZ nature to screen, and what motivates him:

“A parrot that can’t fly, lives in the dark and blows itself up like a football? What about a hairy dwarf, a killer parrot, a reptile with a third eye and giant meat-eating snails? New Zealand is a land of evolutionary oddballs, and that’s why I love it, and have been so privileged to have been part of a team that has turned these often shy creatures into stars of the small screen.”

I’m something of a ngā manu nut myself: regularly dragging my two year old daughter through pockets of remnant bush and to Zealandia most weeks to hang with kaka and tuatara. Growing up as a kid in the 80s, series like Our World and Wild South were formative in my personal connection to Aotearoa’s birds’n’bush. The iconic stories of the black robin and kōkako, were exciting and intriguing and inspired me to “go bush” and get amongst efforts to help out our feathered ark-mates.

So, it’s been a real pleasure to work with Peter in compiling and preparing the collection. And NHNZ deserve a special acknowledgement for their generosity in sharing these titles.

Black robin

Black robin

Many of them are Kiwi classics and have been rarely seen since they screened. My personal favourite is one of the first Wild South documentaries, Seven Black Robins. By 1976 there were only seven Chatham Islands’ black robins left. It was the world’s rarest bird. In this documentary, in a desperate bid to save the species, the wee birds are taken from one island to another in a cliff-top rescue mission. There’s Old Blue (just Blue here) and other characters and with the stakes so high the drama is evident; so is the passion of the people – such as conservation hero Don Merton – striving to save them.

Kaka (bush parrot) cavorting in the rain beside Lake Rotoiti in Bandits of the Beech Forest are gloriously filmed, but there is remarkable footage contained throughout the collection, from a bat-filled tree trunk sauna, carnivorous giant snails, lost whale, and Happy Feet penguins, to the otherworldy depths of fiords and horror movie-like footage of a kea eating a live sheep at night!

The collection features the series Moa’s Ark (presented by David “old man’s beard must go” Bellamy), the Hayden-presented series Journeys in National Parks and Journeys across Latitude 45 (Screened as part of Our World); along with popular children’s nature series Wildtrack.

The one-off docos are Wild South classics: Seven Black Robins and The Black Stilt, and acclaimed films: Kea Mountain Parrot, Under the Ice, Bandits of the Beech Forest, Emperors of Antarctica, Lost Whales, Mirror World, Ghosts of Gondwana, and Exhuming Adams.

Overall the collection leaves one feeling inspired and in awe of our unique natural heritage. It reaffirms the committed efforts of projects like Zealandia (Karori Sanctuary) that mean you can go for a run in the scrub above Brooklyn – 10 minutes from Wellington city – and encounter tieke (saddleback). Courtesy of Karori (and council pest control efforts) we also have kaka screeching above our Newtown house and can see an ecstasy of tui (yes, the correct term for a flock of tui is an ‘ecstasy’!) flouncing around Cuba St. Sweet as manuka honey!

But many of the films are also tragedies, pervaded with sadness. They’re a lament for a birdland that is now lost forever. As Peter says:

“The nature of this land of ours, astounds me. Many species are survivors of ice ages, near-drowning, eruptions and earthquakes. But can they survive us.”

Watch and decide where you stand!

http://www.nzonscreen.com/collection/nature

Paul Ward
Editor, NZ On Screen

NZ On Screen is the NZ On Air-funded website set up last year to archive and showcase New Zealand television and film. It won Best Entertainment Website at the 2009 Qantas Media Awards. You can see the Nature Collection, and over 700 other titles, free of charge at www.nzonscreen.com

I’ll be joining Lara Shepherd (Allan Wilson Centre, Massey University) to give a talk on Pseudopanax Monday night (21 September 2009) in Wellington.

We’ll begin by discussing each of the species: how to identify them and where to see them.  Then we’ll cover the results of our research projects that have looked at hybridisation between the species, and genetic variation within coastal five-finger (P. lessonii) and fierce lancewood (P. ferox).  We’ll touch on conservation issues, and the debate over where New Zealand’s forests survived during the Ice-Age.

The talk has been organised by the Wellington Botanical Society, but non-members are most welcome.

The meeting begins at 7.30pm in Lecture Theatre 101 of the Murphy Building, Victoria University.

More details of Wellington Botanical Society meetings.

Blog posts on Pseudopanax

Five finger, whauwhaupaku, Pseudopanax arboreus.  Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Five finger, whauwhaupaku, Pseudopanax arboreus. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

I’m just back from holiday in central Australia, near Alice Springs.

Even though it was holiday, I was still plant-spotting. (I could hardly walk around with my eyes closed, could I?)

There’s ferns even in the desert. Strictly speaking, it’s apparently an “arid” region, rather than desert. In any case, it was dry.

But there were still ferns. We noticed six species.

Resurrection ferns. So named because they curl up when it is dry and look dead, but spring back to life when it rains. We spotted two kinds: very hairy (Cheilanthes lasiophylla?) and not hairy (Cheilanthes sieberi?).

Cheilanthes lasiophylla. From left: dry and curled; resurrected, upperside; underside. Photos by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Cheilanthes lasiophylla. From left: dry and curled; resurrected, upperside; underside. Photos by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Cheilanthes sieberi.  Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Cheilanthes sieberi. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

The above two were actually quite common, poking out from crevices, and even abundant on the ground in places. The others were much less frequent.

Hairy ferns. Hairs are a common adaptation in the desert. They reduce evaporation.

Pleurosorus rutifolius (Blanket (!) fern) is related to the Asplenium spleenwort ferns (including the hen & chickens fern). Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Pleurosorus rutifolius (Blanket (!) fern) is related to Asplenium (the spleenwort ferns, including the hen & chickens fern). Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Paraceterach reynoldsii is a hairy version of the Pellaea button ferns. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Paraceterach reynoldsii is a hairy version of Pellaea (button ferns). Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Marsilea ferns look like four-leaved clovers, and are principally aquatic. This one was in a watercourse that had dried up. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Marsilea ferns look like four-leaved clovers, and are principally aquatic. This one was in a watercourse that had dried up. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

The oddity. Waterholes persist in some of the sheltered ‘gaps’ (river-cut passes through the ranges), even in the driest periods. These provide a home for more water-needing plants, including the shaking brake, Pteris tremula

Shaking Brake fern, Pteris tremula. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Shaking Brake fern, Pteris tremula. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

It may be no surprise that Pteris tremula also occurs in New Zealand. But so do Cheilanthes sieberi and Pleurosorus rutifolius, albeit in dry habitats.

Central Australia – it’s big and it’s dry. We had a couple of weeks on the Larapinta Trail, and another week driving around the nearby attractions. It’s not devoid of vegetation by any means, but the plants certainly don’t form a closed cover over the ground. More treeland (or ‘savannah’) than forest.

Typical vegetation along the Larapinta Trail. Most of the green trees are gums. The grey trees are wattles. The low-growing clumps are ‘spinifex’ grasses. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Typical vegetation along the Larapinta Trail. Most of the green trees are gums. The grey trees towards the back are wattles. The low-growing clumps are ‘spinifex’ grasses. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Typical vegetation along the Larapinta Trail. Most of the green trees are gums. The grey trees are wattles. The low-growing clumps are ‘spinifex’ grasses. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Looking towards Alice Springs from Euro Ridge. The dark colours are plants, comprising a woodland over the red earth. Photo by Leon Perrie. (c) Leon Perrie, Wellington.

Compared to our previous experiences on the Bibbulmun Track in south-western Australia, gums (albeit of shorter stature) and wattles are similarly common, but cassias (Senna) had largely replaced the true peas, the Proteaceae were much less diverse and interesting (just Hakea and Grevillea, but no Banksia, Dryandra etc.), and we didn’t see a single orchid.

Information on the Larapinta Trail.

Information on the Bibbulmun Track.

My name is Jessie Prebble and I am the current (2009) recipient of the Te Papa MSc Scholarship in Molecular Systematics. I’m studying at Victoria University, looking at the evolution of the plant genus Wahlenbergia in New Zealand and Australia. I’m using various molecular techniques to try to determine how reliable the current taxonomy of the New Zealand species is, and whether I can infer how many times the genus invaded New Zealand, where from, and when.

Jessie and Wahlenbergia albomarginata subsp. olvina on the ultramafic Dun Mountains near Nelson, New Zealand.

Me and Wahlenbergia albomarginata subsp. olvina on the ultramafic Dun Mountains near Nelson, New Zealand. Photo © Jessie Prebble.

Here I am finding Wahlenbergia gloriosa in an alpine herbfield on Mt Kosciuszko, New South Wales, Australia. Photo © Jessie Prebble.

Here I am finding Wahlenbergia gloriosa in an alpine herbfield on Mt Kosciuszko, New South Wales, Australia. Photo © Jessie Prebble.

I love my research. I spent last summer exploring the country collecting specimens in beautiful locations from the Garvie Mountains in Southland to Muriwai Beach north of Auckland. I even got to head over to New South Wales to hunt down some of the Australian species.  I then spent a few weeks mounting and processing all of my collections, and now they’re stored in the Te Papa Herbarium.

This is the common South Island alpine plant Wahlenbergia albomarginata subsp. albomarginata, which grows profusely on the slopes of Mt Robert, Nelson Lakes area, New Zealand.

This is the common South Island alpine plant Wahlenbergia albomarginata subsp. albomarginata, which grows profusely on the slopes of Mt Robert, Nelson Lakes area, New Zealand. Photo © Jessie Prebble.

Wahlenbergia ceracea growing in an alpine bog on the slopes of Mt Kosciuszko, New South Wales, Australia.

Wahlenbergia ceracea growing in an alpine bog on the slopes of Mt Kosciuszko, New South Wales, Australia. Photo © Jessie Prebble.

Currently I’m dividing my time between the lab, where I extract and sequence short fragments of my specimens’ DNA, and the computer lab, where I puzzle my head over numerous types of data files. I have selected three regions to sequence, two from the chloroplast (trnL-F and trnK-psbA) and one nuclear ribosomal region (ITS). I explore my sequence data by forming alignments of the sequences, then creating phylogenetic trees to tease out the relationships between the species.

Results are starting to trickle in, and so far I can tell that all of the New Zealand species are very closely related, which most likely points to recent and rapid evolution here.  Further results to follow…

The beautiful coastal plant Wahlenbergia congesta subps. haastii growing on sand dunes on the South Island’s west coast, by the mouth of Ship Ck. Photo © Jessie Prebble.

The beautiful coastal plant Wahlenbergia congesta subps. haastii growing on sand dunes on the South Island’s west coast, by the mouth of Ship Ck. Photo © Jessie Prebble.

Developing “the next generation” of professionals is perhaps one of the most important duties of skilled workers in any discipline.  Te Papa’s Botany staff are involved in co-supervising postgraduate university students in systematics. We are currently calling for applications for the Te Papa MSc Scholarship in Molecular Systematics for 2010.

Te Papa is offering this scholarship in collaboration with the School of Biological Sciences at Victoria University of Wellington.  The purpose of the award is to promote research, collaboration, and mentoring between Te Papa and Victoria University in the area of molecular systematics—the scientific study of the diversity and evolutionary relationships of living organisms, based on genetic (DNA) evidence—and taxonomy (naming and classification).
 
Potential projects for 2010-2011 include investigation of species boundaries amongst Gleichenia ferns, phylogeography and/or hybridisation in Asplenium ferns, species relationships amongst Myosotis forget-me-nots, or another topic to be determined.

If you know of any keen students who may be interested, please spread the word–the deadline for applications for is 1 November 2009! 

Potential project plants: Gleichinia, Asplenium, and Myosotis.  Copyright Leon Perrie (Gleichinia and Asplenium) and Viv McGlynn (Myosotis).

Potential project plants: Gleichinia, Asplenium, and Myosotis. Images of Gleichinia and Asplenium by Leon Perrie, Curator; © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Image of Myosotis By Viv McGlynn, © Viv McGlynn.

No, it is not Christmas already. (Fortunately the year hasn’t passed by that quickly.)

But this pohutukawa on Wellington’s waterfront, opposite Frank Kitts Park, seems to think so. It has been spluttering into flower over the last few weeks.

Pohutukawa on Wellington’s waterfront, 20 June 2009. It is still in flower, over a month later. Image by Leon Perrie, Curator. © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Pohutukawa on Wellington’s waterfront, 20 June 2009. It is still in flower, over a month later. Image by Leon Perrie, Curator. © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

The pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa) is New Zealand’s ‘Christmas tree’, its bursting display of red flowers signalling the onset of summer warmth.

Pohutukawa as New Zealand’s Christmas tree from New Zealand History Online.

The pohutukawa in the picture above has got its timing ‘wrong’. Perhaps it was confused by the early onset of the cold weather this year.

Alternatively, it might actually have some genes in it from the Kermadec Islands’ pohutukawa (M. kermadecensis), which flowers all year round. The pictured pohutukawa also has smaller leaves than its four non-flowering neighbours. But otherwise it looks like M. excelsa, having more pointed rather than rounded leaves.

Metrosideros kermadecensis fact sheet of the NZ Plant Conservation Network.

The Kermadec Islands’ pohutukawa is only found naturally on the Kermadec Islands, which are in the subtropics, several hundred kilometres north of the North Island. However, it has been brought to mainland New Zealand, where it hybridises with M. excelsa.

That M. excelsa times its flowering for summer is presumably the result of natural selection for when seasonal conditions are optimal (maybe pollinators are more active, or the resource levels of the trees are higher, or seed survival is better). In contrast, the year-round flowering of M. kermadecensis is probably a reflection of the reduced seasonality of its subtropical home. But it retains this trait even when grown in mainland New Zealand.

Neither of these species are indigenous to Wellington. But both have naturalised there, and aggressively so for M. excelsa in some places. In Wellington, the ‘New Zealand Christmas tree’ is actually a weed, albeit a pretty and (usually) popular one.

Aside from ferns, my main research interest is the group of trees known as Pseudopanax, for which I collaborate with Lara Shepherd from the Allan Wilson Centre.

Blog posts on ferns

Blog posts on Pseudopanax

Lara at the Allan Wilson Centre

Pseudopanax includes the lancewoods and five-fingers. Several of the species are popular in cultivation, including fierce lancewood (Pseudopanax ferox). This species is so named for having bigger ‘teeth’ along the margins of its juvenile leaves than lancewood (Pseudopanax crassifolius).

Blog post on lancewood and its hybridisation with coastal five-finger

Paper in Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution about the relationships of Pseudopanax

Fierce lancewood, Pseudopanax ferox. Juveniles (left) and adults (right) have very different leaves and habits. Both images by Leon Perrie, Curator. © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Fierce lancewood, Pseudopanax ferox. Juveniles (left) and adults (right) have very different leaves and habits. Both images by Leon Perrie, Curator. © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

 

How are fierce lancewood populations related? In the wild, fierce lancewood has a very discontinuous distribution, with some populations being very isolated. We want to know how the various populations are related to one another. We are using a DNA-fingerprinting method known as “microsatellites” to determine how the various populations are related to one another. The approach is analogous to criminal forensics.

Microsatellites are highly variable regions of DNA. Each microsatellite has a number of variants which differ in length. We determine how many DNA nucleotides long the microsatellite variants are in each individual sampled. This tells us how the individuals and the populations they came from are related.

 

At each different kind of microsatellite, each individual has two copies, one inherited from its mother and the other from its father. The two copies in an individual can be the same or different lengths. This is a figure of one particular kind of microsatellite for two individuals. In the upper individual, the two copies are of different lengths: length 129, which is quite uncommon, and length 135 which is common and widespread. In the lower individual, the two copies are both of length 135, which is why there is only one large peak.

At each different kind of microsatellite, each individual has two copies, one inherited from its mother and the other from its father. The two copies in an individual can be the same or different lengths. This is a figure of one particular kind of microsatellite for two individuals. In the upper individual, the two copies are of different lengths: length 129, which is quite uncommon, and length 135 which is common and widespread. In the lower individual, the two copies are both of length 135, which is why there is only one large peak.

 

Our preliminary analyses suggest there are four principal genetic groups within fierce lancewood. There has probably been very little gene-flow between these groups for some time.

The four principal genetic groups detected by microsatellite DNA-fingerprinting in fierce lancewood are indicated by different colours. The small grey circles are populations that we haven’t sampled, but which are represented by specimens in the herbarium collections of Te Papa, Auckland Museum, and Landcare Research.

The four principal genetic groups detected by microsatellite DNA-fingerprinting in fierce lancewood are indicated by different colours. The small grey circles are populations that we haven’t sampled, but which are represented by specimens in the herbarium collections of Te Papa, Auckland Museum, and Landcare Research.

 

One of the four groups, that in the southern North Island (the brown dot), comprises a single population on one hillside!

On the other hand, another of the four groups encompasses most of the South Island (from Kaikoura southwards; green dots). The absence of strong genetic subdivision within this group suggests its populations have been more recently connected by gene-flow. This may indicate that fierce lancewood has recently been more continuously distributed in the central and southern South Island, perhaps even until the widespread clearance of lowland forests by humans.

Our preliminary analyses also suggest that the central and southern South Island populations of fierce lancewood may have survived the Last Glacial Maximum of the ice-age more or less in situ, rather than being derived from one or a few major refugia. This is consistent with the hypothesis that there was widespread survival of New Zealand’s forests during the ice-age, as we have previously inferred from genetic analyses of the forest fern Asplenium hookerianum.

 Paper in Molecular Ecology about the ice-age survival of New Zealand’s vegetation

 

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