Category Archives: Pacific

New Caledonia fern collecting

25 October 2012 – 2.46pm

I’m just back from three weeks collecting ferns in New Caledonia.

For a place so close to New Zealand (shorter flight time than to Australia), I knew very little about New Caledonia. I expect that is true for many New Zealanders, and it presumably reflects our very different cultures, not least being the language difference (French predominates in New Caledonia, and English* in New Zealand).

New Caledonia is not an independent country but a special collectivity of France. Nouméa, its largest city, is like a piece of France transplanted to the tropical Pacific. The original Melanesian character is perhaps most strongly retained in the (north-)east.

Wikipedia page on New Caledonia.

Wikipedia page on the indigenous Kanak people.

Some of Te Papa’s existing collections from New Caledonia.

We stayed in villages during some of our trip. Here at Bas Coulna, before we left to climb Mount Panié, we had a traditional-type hut. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

Funded principally by a grant from the USA’s National Science Foundation, our collecting expedition was led by Matt von Konrat (Field Museum), Blanka Shaw (Duke University), and Louis Thouvenot, who was our guide and translator (none of the others in the expedition had been to New Caledonia before or spoke French, although Juan’s Spanish was useful on many occasions). The main goal was to collect Frullania liverworts, but we variously collected mosses, liverworts, and lichens – these are all small plants that are often neglected. I was invited along to collect ferns.

Interview with Radio Australia’s Pacific Beat programme about the expedition.

Blog post on similar expedition to Fiji in 2011.

The black stems, each only about 1 mm wide, of a Frullania liverwort creeping over a white lichen on the trunk of a mangrove tree. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

New Caledonia is home to about 270 ferns and lycophytes. That’s more than New Zealand, despite a land area less than 10%. About 35% of New Caledonia’s ferns and lycophytes are endemic (i.e., only found there), which is very high for a tropical Pacific island. However, the last comprehensive account is from 1969, and it is clear that much revision is needed. A reflection of this is that there are (at least) two species of new tree fern needing scientific description. During the three week expedition, I made 232 collections, of at least 160 different species. These include new species, new records for New Caledonia, and rediscoveries (species not recorded for a long time).

Te Papa’s updated checklist of Fiji’s ferns, which I hope to replicate for New Caledonia.

The Endemia website includes photos of many of New Caledonia’s ferns, and is an excellent photographic resource about New Caledonia’s biodiversity

In coming days I’ll post about some of the plants I saw, particularly, of course, the ferns.

Trip leader Matt von Konrat collecting Frullania liverworts up a mangrove. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

Collecting near Tinou. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

All available space in our lodgings was often given over to drying specimens. Louis’s bed is somewhere under these paper packets. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

On our way to Mount Panié. We were fortunate to have horses carry our packs for the first part of the trek. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

Maurice, one of our guides for Mount Panié, using a wreath of the fern Paesia rugosula to complement the shade of his cap. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

Albeit clearly exhausted, here’s proof that I did make it to the summit of Mount Panié, New Caledonia’s highest point at 1629 m above sea level. Photo Leon Perrie. © Te Papa.

The expedition couldn’t have been the success it was without the assistance of many, especially Louis Thouvenot, as well as the Nouméa herbarium, the government land managers, the Kanak land owners and guides, and our contacts at Dayu Biik, Conservation International, and Société Calédonienne d’Ornithologie.

* I can note that the so-called ‘English’ speech of the two (monolingual) New Zealanders was constantly belittled by the other members (all multilingual) of the expedition, none of whom spoke English as a first language. Matt and I weren’t sure what to make of this.

By Leon Perrie | Also posted in Biodiversity, Bryophytes, Ferns, Field trips, Plants | Tagged , , , , | Comments (10)

Contemporary New Zealand art on display in China

18 October 2012 – 1.12pm

Two weeks ago I was in Shanghai for the opening of the exhibition Meridian Lines: Contemporary Art from the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa at the China Art Museum with artist Yuk King Tan and Wen Powles, Te Papa’s International Strategy Advisor.

The China Art Museum is the new home of the Shanghai Art Museum, which has relocated to the China Pavilion from the 2010 World Expo.

The China Art Museum in Shanghai. Photo: Hutch Wilco, Te Papa

The China Art Museum in Shanghai. Photo: Hutch Wilco, Te Papa

As part of their re-opening celebrations, the China Art Museum invited several international museums to contribute exhibitions from their collections. The other museums included the British Museum, the Rijksmuseum, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Victor Hugo Museum and the National Council for Culture and the Arts of Mexico.

While many of these institutions selected important historical works from their collections, we decided to present a selection of contemporary art from New Zealand. Meridian Lines includes works by Bill Hammond, Ralph Hotere, Ani O’Neill, Michael Parekowhai, John Pule, Yuk King Tan and Gordon Walters.

Here’s a glimpse at our exhibition…

From left to right, artworks by Yuk King Tan, Ralph Hotere and Gordon Walters. Photo: Hutch Wilco, Te Papa

From left to right, artworks by Yuk King Tan, Ralph Hotere and Gordon Walters. Photo: Hutch Wilco, Te Papa

The response to the exhibition was really quite overwhelming with a strong level of interest from both the local Chinese and other international visitors. Yuk King Tan’s work was reproduced on the second page of the English language South China Morning Post newspaper and one morning I discovered the show being featured on a Chinese television station.

Yuk King Tan’s work featured in the 'South China Morning Post', 2 October 2012.

Yuk King Tan’s work featured in the ‘South China Morning Post’, 2 October 2012.

The China Art Museum anticipates that approximately half a million people will visit the museum by the end of the year, when our exhibition closes.

Listen to Mary Kisler discussing the exhibition with Kim Hill on Radio New Zealand National.

Sarah Farrar

Curator of Contemporary Art

By Sarah Farrar | Also posted in Art, Exhibitions, Museums, Māori, News, Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , , , , | Comments (2)

Niuean Katoua (club)

12 October 2012 – 10.09am

This is our final blog in our series focusing on Niue taoga (treasures) from Te Papa’s collection for Vagahau (Language) Niue Week (6-13 October).

In recent times, the katoua, a long club or cleaving club, has become an iconic symbol representing identity and culture for many Niueans. Used in festival and school performances, it is a Niuean object unique to the island.

Katoua (club); Niue; OL000169.S/9; Oldman Collection. Gift of the New Zealand Government, 1992; Te Papa

Katoua (club); Niue; OL000169.S/9; Oldman Collection. Gift of the New Zealand Government, 1992; Te Papa

These weapons measure between 900mm and 1800mm. The katoua was a piercing weapon, used after the initial throwing of the maka (stone). Made from brown wood, katoua have a central sharp ridge along the length of the blade on both sides; the butt end is pointed, with a collar on the rounded shaft.

Katoua (club); Niue; FE007919; Deposited by Dr Edward Ellison, 1931; Te Papa

Katoua (club); Niue; FE007919; Deposited by Dr Edward Ellison, 1931; Te Papa

Katoua (club); Niue; FE004017/2; Te Papa

Katoua (club); Niue; FE004017/2; Te Papa

A number of katoua in the Pacific Cultures Collection were discovered to have incised designs at the butt end of the shaft, and a few had wrapped sennit (coconut-husk fibre), feathers, egg cowrie shells, and braided human hair wound around the lower part of the shaft. As a result of close examination of the feathers, Hokimate Harwood (Te Papa’s Bicultural Science Researcher) was able to identify some of the feathers attached to both katoua and tao (spear) as being from the belly of the kulukulu, or purple-capped dove, the tail of the henga, or blue-crowned lorikeet, and the back of the lupe, or Pacific pigeon (Ducula pacifica).

To read more about Te Papa’s Niue collection, please view the following article: Exploring ‘the Rock’: Material culture from Niue Island in Te Papa’s Pacific Cultures Collection, (2011)

By Safua Akeli | Also posted in Collections Online | Tagged , , , , | Comments (0)

Vagahau Niue: Niue Language Week – a rare plastic bread bag hat

11 October 2012 – 3.31pm

To celebrate Vagahau Niue: Niue Language Week (6-13 October 2012), the Pacific Cultures team are highlighting stories about Niue focusing on taoga (treasures) from Te Papa’s collection. Today, in this fourth blog post, we feature this Panama-styled pulou (hat) - a surprisingly rare collectable.

Pulou (hat) made by Moka Poi 1990s Niue/New Zealand

The pulou was made and worn by Moka Poi in Auckland in the 1990s. It is woven from red strips of plastic bread bags and decorated with a headband made from small white plastic flower beads, and two large red synthetic flowers. I claim it as a rare collectable because the bread bags that Moka used to make it are now difficult to come by. Today, most plastic bread bags are of biodegradable variety and have a very short life span. They disintegrate over time. This pulou was made and worn for many years before it was purchased by the museum. It is probably deteriorating but at a much slower rate. This hat is a favourite of mine for the way it demonstrates the response of Niue weavers to new materials and new creative opportunities here in New Zealand. I also like it because we know who made it and it was worn with pride.

Lei (necklace) 1990s made from plastic and nylon by Sia Kata Womens Weaving Group, Wellington, New Zealand

The fact that the pulou is made from non-indigenous materials is not unusual. People take aspects of their cultures with them wherever they travel. In New Zealand, skilled practitioners from Niuean communities continue to pass on indigenous art forms such as weaving and hat-making. For several decades now, Niuean weavers in New Zealand have applied their knowledge to working with local materials, such as flax, raffia, and synthetic tubing. The weavers’ ability to adapt and innovate is evident in their use of new materials, creation of new forms, and the new uses they find for the items they create.

Kato tia hulu (basket) made from raffia, wood and plastic, by Edith Etuata, Niue/New Zealand

Poulou (1970s) made from pandanus , Niue

Niuean weavers in New Zealand often work in groups. These groups are like fibres, connecting different generations back to their island homelands. They provide a setting where people can share knowledge and interact in their own language. Weaving can be a way to earn money, but, perhaps more importantly, it can build a sense of cultural connection and pride, especially for Pacific people born in New Zealand.

LINK: to watch a youtube clip about the conservation of Pacific artefacts made from recycled plastics at Te Papa click here

By seanjmallon | Tagged , , , , , | Comments (0)

1920s taoga (treasures) from Niue

10 October 2012 – 6.25pm

Welcome to the third blog in our series focusing on Niue taoga (treasures) from Te Papa’s collection for Vagahau (Language) Niue Week (6-13 October).

Titi (skirt); Niue; FE006396; Purchased 1973; Te Papa

Titi (skirt); Niue; FE006396; Purchased 1973; Te Papa

This titi (skirt) was collected in the 1920s by H W Cockerill a telegraphic engineer for the General Post Office who helped install a wireless telephone station on Niue. The titi, one of several are made of natural hibiscus bast fibres dyed in pink, red and green,and decorated with rosettes. They indicate a preference at the time for dying natural materials. This is similar to Cook Islands dance costumes from the same period.

Titi (skirt); FE006399; Purchased 1973; Te Papa

Titi (skirt); FE006399; Purchased 1973; Te Papa

Along with the titi, Cockerill acquired other items including tablemats, iliili (fan) and the lei (necklace) below.

Lei (necklace); Niue; FE006400/1; Te Papa

Lei (necklace); Niue; FE006400/1; Te Papa

Since the beginning of New Zealand annexation in 1901, New Zealanders such as Cockerill visited the island for work, travel and leisure. In 1973, Cockerill’s collection was acquired from his son, and provide a snapshot of items produced in that period.

By Safua Akeli | Also posted in Collections Online | Tagged , , , , , | Comments (0)

Niue: the Rock of Polynesia

9 October 2012 – 1.42pm

To celebrate Vagahau Niue: Niue Language Week (6-13 October 2012), the Pacific Cultures team are highlighting stories about Niue focusing on taoga (treasures) from Te Papa’s collection. Today, in this second blog post we offer a short environmental profile of the Niue, sometimes referred to by locals as “The Rock of Polynesia”. We finish with one of Niue’s creation stories.

Niue: a raised coral atoll

What is a raised coral atoll? A raised coral atoll forms when a coral reef grows on an underwater volcanic peak, which is then raised above sea level. This can happen from both earth movements and falls in sea level. Niue consists of coral limestone – old, dead coral that now makes up both the central bedrock and the coastal cliffs. The volcano on which Niue is formed is extinct. The main environmental threat to Niue is drought. Because of Niue’s height and steep coast, rises in sea level will have little, if any, effect on it.

Food and water on Niue

Compared with other types of islands, a raised coral atoll is not well suited to human habitation. There isn’t much fresh water on Niue. In former times, the inhabitants had to find it in caves or dig wells for it. Niue also has very little fertile soil. There is only a thin layer in most places. However, Niueans have made the most of the soil they have available, and cultivate introduced plants – especially talo (taro), bananas, and coconuts. Niue’s marine and fishing resources are good, but access to the sea is difficult in some areas because of the rugged coastal cliffs. These photographs from the Te Papa collections were taken by New Zealander Glenn Jowitt. They capture aspects of food production and fishing on Niue in the 1990s. Check out the big catch…

Weighing taro (1996) Photographer Glenn Jowitt

Lakepa Niue(1996) Photographer Glenn Jowitt

Flower snapper (1996). Photographer Glenn Jowitt.

Toolmaking on Niue

As with other raised atolls, limestone is the accessible type of rock on Niue. In the past, Niueans made wood carving tools from this stone and from shells. Occasionally they obtained tools of harder stone from other islands. They valued these greatly, and would repair and reshape them until they were too small to use.

Toki ngenge (shell adzing tool)

These stone tools (below) were used on Niue, but must have been obtained from Tonga or Samoa. Being a raised coral atoll, Niue has no stone of this kind.

Toki uli (stone adzing tool)

Toki uli (stone adzing tool)

The origins of Niue: a creation story

There were five gods: Fao, Huanaki, Lageiki, Lagiatea, and Talimainuku (Fakahoku). They left their land and discovered a small reef in the ocean – Niue.

The gods bailed water off the reef and emptied it into caverns. More and more dry land emerged, until the reef was big enough to live on.

It was one of the gods, Fao, who first brought humans to Niue. Some say that he had two children, Avatele and Malotele. Others believe he went to Fonuagalo and brought back a couple whose names were Avatele and Kavatele.

Ko e tupumaiaga ha Niue

Na toko lima e atua fakamua: ko Fao, Huanaki, Lageiki, Lagiatea mo Talimainuku (taha higoa foki ko Fakahoku). Ne fenoga a lautolu mai he motu ne nonofo ai ti moua e lautolu e uluulu he moana puke lahi, ko e matamaka ko Niue.

Ne ahu e lautolu e tau puke tahi mai he uluulu mo e liligi hifo he tau maihi maka. Kua kitia ai hane fae lahi fakahaga e kelekele momo ati maeke ia lautolu ke nonofo ai.

Ko e taha mai ia lautolu e tau atua ko Fao ne taatu fakamua e tau tagata ki Niue. Taha talahauaga pehe, na tokoua e haana a tau fanau, ko Avatele mo Malotele. Falu ne pehe, kua finatu a ia ki Fonuagalo mo e tamai e ia e hoana mo e taane ko Avatele mo Kavatele.

A full version of the origin story of Niue was documented by Pulekula, Teacher at Tama-ha-le-leka and published in the Journal of the Polynesian Society in 1903.

Niue: the stats

Total land area: 259 square kilometres

Highest point: About 60 metres above sea level

Annual rainfall: 2170 millimetres

Population in 2000: 1625 (2006 census)

More than 22,000 Niueans now live in New Zealand (2006 census).

Crab, Niue (1962)Photographer Richard Dell.

By seanjmallon | Also posted in Photography | Tagged , , , , , | Comments (1)

Celebrating Vagahau (Language) Niue

8 October 2012 – 3.31pm

To celebrate Vagahau Niue: Niue Language Week (6-13 October 2012), the Pacific Cultures team are highligting stories about Niue focusing on taoga (treasures) from Te Papa’s collection.

Canoe Making in Niue; CT.027510; 1972, Te Papa

Canoe Making in Niue; CT.027510; 1972, Te Papa

In 1972, over a few months, a group of scientists from Te Papa, then known as the Dominion Museum, made a visit to Niue as part of an expedition to survey the natural environment. Included in the group was Curator of Birds, Frederich-Carl Kinsky who took images of vaka (canoe) making at Lalokafika on the Alofi–Hakupu road. Some images capture the cutting down and shaping of the moota tree (Dysoxylum forsteri) by local Niueans including Piavale and Dr Harry Nemaia, who was formerly Director of Health in Niue and a respected vaka maker. These images are now in the Photography Collection and are available through Collections Online.

Canoe Making in Niue; CT.027509; 1972; Te Papa

Canoe Making in Niue; CT.027509; 1972; Te Papa

On the same trip, zoologist John Yaldwyn collected several kato (basket) from the local market. The kato range in style from kato tupe (money purses) to oval ribbed styles  for storage. Along with cultural items, specimens of birds, fishes and plants were also collected. These images and objects are a reminder of the museum’s relationship with Niue, and provide an important time capsule in the country’s history.

Kato (basket); Niue; FE006157; Te Papa

Kato (basket); Niue; FE006157; Te Papa

 

 

By Safua Akeli | Also posted in Photography, Uncategorized | Tagged , , , , , | Comments (0)

Te Papa is coming to Gisborne!

12 September 2012 – 11.05am

The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is coming to Gisborne! The Education and Discovery Centre teams will be based at Tairawhiti Museum for a week of exciting art workshops and learning programmes. Schools in the Gisborne area are taking part in free hands-on workshops, exploring kākahu (cloaks), taonga (treasures) and their connection to the area of Gisborne. Two large artworks, in the form of cloaks, will be created by the students, using digital photography and mixed media. The cloaks will be on display at Tairawhiti Museum and then at Te Papa in Wellington for thousands of visitors to see.

The education staff at Tairawhiti Museum

The education staff at Tairawhiti Museum. Aaron Compton and Jen Pewhairangi. Courtesy of Dudley Meadows, Tairawhiti Museum.

Joining the team is Te Papa educator Khali Philip-Barbara, who is no stranger to the Gisborne community. Having grown up in Gisborne, Khali is excited to be returning to her roots to work with local students, extending Te Papa’s reach beyond the Wellington Region. The Te Papa team come from a variety of backgrounds, including Wellington, Sweden, Ruatoki, the Pacific Islands and Gisborne. 

The Gisborne Outreach Team

The Gisborne Outreach Team (from top left, clockwise) Ati Teepa, Herbert Bartley, Khali Philip-Barbara, Kim Gustavsson, displaying their favourite taonga.

Added to the mix is gifted master carver Anaru Rondon from The Bay of Plenty Matata. Anaru is offering a workshop that will give people a rare chance at making traditional tools using customary methods. 

For more information contact Tairawhiti Museum or Te Papa’s Education Team.
Te Papa will be based at Tairawhiti Museum from 17 – 21 September. This is part of Te Papa’s annual national outreach programme. Te Papa wish to thank the staff at Tairawhiti Museum for their support of this programme.

By gabby lawton | Also posted in Art, Education, Kids, Museums, Māori, Uncategorized | Comments (2)

Tongan ngatu (tapa cloth): a visual record

6 September 2012 – 1.13pm

As part of celebrating Tongan Language Week: Uike Kātonga’i ‘o e Lea Faka-Tonga (1-8 September) the Pacific Cultures team are highlighting some of the Tongan items in Te Papa’s collection. This is the  fourth blog in our series.

Tongan ngatu also known as tapa cloth is an important part of Tongan art and tradition. Te Papa’s collection of about 60 ngatu range in style and use. Some ngatu include symbols of the Tongan royal family, while another records the sighting of  Halley’s comet in 1910 (see below).

Ngatu (tapa cloth); FE012487; Purchased 2009; Te Papa

Ngatu (tapa cloth); FE012487; Purchased 2009; Te Papa

Other ngatu have  words and names inscribed on the cloth. These give us a clue about the people who were once associated with the ngatu. For example a ngatu dated 1932 has the name ‘Siaosi Taufa’ahau’  and images of cricket cups and the crest of Tupou College (see below). The name referred to the late King  Tāufa’āhau Tupou IV when he was a school boy at the College.

Ngatu (tapa cloth); FE008724; Gift of Valerie Morris, 1989; Te Papa

Ngatu (tapa cloth); FE008724; Gift of Valerie Morris, 1989; Te Papa

Another style of tapa cloth is called ngatu ‘uli (black tapa cloth) where the cloth is intensely dyed using candlenut soot, although other dyes are also applied. The ngatu ‘uli below has what appears to be a layer of red clay underneath the candlenut soot.  

Ngatu 'uli (black tapa cloth); FE010584; Te Papa

Ngatu ‘uli (black tapa cloth); FE010584; Te Papa

In 2009 for the exhibition Tapa: Pacific Style, Te Papa worked with the Otaota Fahina Society led by Reverend Sitili Tupouniua and his wife, Lolohea to film Tongan tapa-making in Auckland. To view some of the footage and interviews, click on the links below:

Watch Feletoa Fa’apoi making ngatu

Watch an interview with Lolohea Tupouniua

By Safua Akeli | Also posted in Exhibitions | Tagged , , , , , | Comments (1)

Queen Sälote of Tonga (1900–65) composer and poet

5 September 2012 – 5.16pm

 This week is Tongan Language Week – Uike Kātoanga’i ‘o e Lea Faka-Tonga. This is the third blog post where the Pacific Cultures team highlight collection items that relate to Tongan language and culture. 

In Tongan Language week it is difficult to look past the contributions of Tonga’s Queen Sälote (1900–65) to the preservation and creative use of the Tongan language. Queen Sälote was a celebrated writer of poetry and song. She composed over one hundred songs, lullabies, laments and dances.[i]

Nuku’alofa Tonga 1963 photographer Ans Westra

Queen Sälote has a connection withNew Zealand that began in 1909 when she was sent to school in Auckland where she stayed until she was 14. She visited New Zealand regularly throughout her life. In 1952, the Tongan government bought an Auckland residence, ‘Atalanga. This became Queen Sälote’s home away from home and later included a hostel for Tongans studying in Auckland. Her visits were mostly private, but she was acknowledged by both government officials and Mäori dignitaries.

When Queen Sälote died in 1965, she was deeply mourned. She was a loved and respected monarch.Queen Sälote’s children and grandchildren continue to maintain close links with New Zealand, especially with the Mäori monarchy, the Kïngitanga.

Te Papa has several treasured items and images associated with Queen Sälote in the Pacific Cultures Collections. They include a kie (fine mat) once owned by Queen Sälote, photographs featuring her by renowned photographer Brian Brake, and a ngatu launima some 23 metres long that was placed beneath her coffin when her body was flown back to Tonga from New Zealand in 1965.

In remembrance of Queen Sälote, we present a selection of images and artefacts below that you can click on to enlarge. We also offer a link to the blog site of Tongan/Samoan poet Maryanne Pale of the South Auckland Poets Collective. She has her own tribute to Queen Sälote and her poetry writing thats worth sharing.

 Maryanne Pale, South Auckland Poets Collective  Link: http://maryannepale.com/2012/03/22/celebrating-world-poetry-day-in-remembrance-of-queen-salote-mafileo-pilolevu-tupou-iii/

Kie hingoa /ie ioga (fine mat) Tonga/Samoa. This kie was formerly in the possession of Queen Sälote. She gave it to the Kronfeld family in Auckland to cover the coffin of Minna Kronfeld whom she had known as a girl. It passed to Minna’s brother, Dr Moe Kronfeld, who gave it to Te Papa.

This is rare fragment of tapa commemorates the war effort of Queen Sälote and the Tongan people who raised money for the British to buy Spitfire airplanes during the Second World War (1939-1945). The aircraft depicted was the first of 3 Spitfires donated to the British war effort by the Queen and people of Tonga. A total of 15,000 pounds was raised in Tonga for this purpose, the aircraft depicted on the tapa was the result of the first payment of 5,000 pounds in April 1941.

Tonga, Royal Tour 1953 Brian Brake (photographer)

Tonga, Royal Tour (1953) Brian Brake (photographer). Queen Sälote is at the front of the vehicle.

Royal Tour , Tonga (1953) Brian Brake (photographer). Queen Sälote is on the right holding a fan.

This ngatu launima was associated with two queens. Made in 1953 to commemorate Queen Elizabeth II’s visit to Tonga, it was later placed under Queen Salote’s coffin when her body was flown back from New Zealand in 1965. The tapa was given to the pilot of the plane Flight Lieutenant McAllister, and he in turn presented it to the Dominion Museum (Te Papa’s predecessor) in 1968. Click on the image to see the details.

 

[i] Wood-Ellen, E. (ed). Songs and Poems of Queen Salote. Vava’u Press, Tonga (2004).

By seanjmallon | Tagged , , , , , , , , | Comments (2)
Follow

Get every new post delivered to your Inbox.

Join 282 other followers